Calf, sheep, and goat were all commonly used, and other animals, including pig, deer, donkey, horse, or camel were used on occasion. However, in Europe, from Roman times, the word was used for the best quality of prepared skin, regardless of the animal from which the hide was obtained. The word "vellum" is borrowed from Old French vélin 'calfskin', derived in turn from the Latin word vitulinum 'made from calf'. Terminology Quran from the 7th century written on vellum It is used for a variety of purposes including tracing, technical drawings, plans and blueprints. Modern "paper vellum" is made of synthetic plant material, and gets its name from its similar usage and high quality. Scratching the surface with pumice, and treating with lime or chalk to make it suitable for writing or printing ink can create a final look. To create tension, the process goes back and forth between scraping, wetting and drying. The making involves the cleaning, bleaching, stretching on a frame (a "herse"), and scraping of the skin with a crescent-shaped knife (a "lunarium" or " lunellum"). Vellum is generally smooth and durable, but there are great variations in its texture which are affected by the way it is made and the quality of the skin. : 9–10 It may be very hard to determine the animal species involved (let alone its age) without detailed scientific analysis. Modern scholars and experts often prefer to use the broader term "membrane", which avoids the need to draw a distinction between vellum and parchment. Vellum is prepared for writing and printing on single pages, scrolls, and codices (books). It is often distinguished from parchment, either by being made from calfskin (rather than the skin of other animals), or simply by being of a higher quality. Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material. Magna Carta, written in Latin on vellum, held at the British Library A vellum deed dated 1638, with pendent seal attached For other uses, see Vellum (disambiguation).
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